Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: Causes and Treatment
What Is a Normal Menstrual Cycle?
A healthy menstrual cycle typically occurs every 21 to 35 days and lasts for about 5 to 7 days. Any bleeding that happens between two cycles, occurs irregularly, or starts after menopause is considered abnormal and should not be ignored.
Common Causes of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Several underlying conditions can cause AUB, including:
-
Fibroids (most common cause)
Benign growths in the uterus that can lead to heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding.
-
Polyps
Small, benign growths on the uterine lining that may cause spotting or irregular bleeding.
-
Hormonal Imbalance or Ovulatory Disturbances
Irregular ovulation due to hormonal changes, stress, or thyroid issues.
-
PCOD and Ovarian Cysts
Conditions affecting hormone levels and ovulation, leading to irregular bleeding patterns.
-
Endometriosis
When uterine tissue grows outside the uterus, causing pain and irregular bleeding.
-
Cervical or Endometrial Cancer
In rare cases, cancerous changes in the reproductive organs may cause abnormal bleeding.
-
Bleeding Disorders
Certain clotting problems can also result in heavy or prolonged bleeding.
Abnormal Bleeding During Pregnancy
Bleeding in early pregnancy is considered an emergency. It may indicate ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage and requires immediate medical attention.
In late pregnancy, abnormal bleeding could be due to conditions such as Placenta Previa or Placental Abruption, both of which need urgent evaluation and care.
Diagnosis and Treatment
To identify the cause of AUB, ultrasound and hysteroscopy are commonly advised.
Treatment depends on the underlying condition and may include:
-
Medications to regulate hormones or control bleeding
-
Lifestyle modifications to maintain a healthy weight and reduce stress
-
Surgical options such as polyp or fibroid removal, if necessary
A balanced approach combining medical management, surgery (when needed), and lifestyle changes often yields the best results.